Fashion Trends Free Essays

string(301) " information search like online sources of 13%, The traditional media is still more trustworthy for the consumer to attain the information they require for their shopping like Fashion shows Exhibitions having 20%, Fashion Magazines 24%, TV Commercials 40% and Billboards 10% chunk respectively\." Fashion Trends of Youth in Pakistan Consumer Behavior Chapter 1 Introduction * Fashion It’s not just an outfit that is the offer of fashion. Rather it resides in every corner of the present landscape. Our mobile phones, our cars, our kitchens, our choice of media, the places where meet our friends- all add to the meaning of fashion. We will write a custom essay sample on Fashion Trends or any similar topic only for you Order Now Its not enough to wear the clothes, you have to don the lifestyle too. Fashion is a conceptual term though it covers almost all aspects of our daily life. Dress is very important facet of our personality and fashion in our dress and clothes have taken its step towards international market. The retail and wholesale sector in Pakistan was worth about $40 billion in fiscal year 2012, and has been growing at 5. 3% in real (inflation-adjusted) terms for the past five years, much faster than overall economic growth during that period. Parallel to this trend in consumerism,  Digital Marketing in Pakistan has also been on the rise which has resulted in the  Fashion Industry (specifically formal and informal lawn brands), fast accepting this unique phenomenon. Also, with the Ramazan on the go; Eid approaching in the near future and summers near their destined end, many new clothing brands have gone active and are advertising their Eid collection and Summer Sales on Facebook vigorously. So much so, that as per my calculations, one in every ten recommendations/sponsored stories or ads I see, are related to a clothing brand. Whether it be established brands like Kayseria, Khaadi  and Gul Ahmed, or newly launched premium brands like Sana Safinaz or Asim Jofa, or relatively smaller designer names like Rang Ja, The Working Woman, Mariam Aziz and Echo ll can be found actively on Facebook. Fashion industry of Pakistan has made quite a lot of progress in just a few years. Ten to fifteen years from now, this industry was still unknown to actually exist to the masses. Late with the formation of fashion councils and education centers under the enthusiastic few who wanted to make a difference and promulgate this very institution of fashion, * Quick g lance at fashion back in TIME The Swinging 60’s The focus of the time was on fittings. Bell bottoms, hair pieces, narrow fitted shirts, narrow dupattas, heavy eye makeup for girls and side burns for men was order of the time. People in those times took influence from the actors whom they idealized. The Political 70’s In 70’s the political times changed. People turned towards patriotism. Cotton came in vogue and people were seen in loose kurtas called Awami Suits and Saris. The Materialistic 80’s The 80’s emerged from the drabness of the 70’s and ushered in disco, glitz and glamour. People were indulged in their material instincts. In Pakistan, loose was â€Å"in† and tight was â€Å"out†. Glitter and glitz was trendy and simplicity took a back seat. Back To The East With 90’s It was a time for the rival of our culture. Traditional costumes made a comeback. A lot of embroidery, gharara, Sheirwani and Paishwaz were seen. Everyone wanted to look sleek and thin. The New Millennium â€Å"The Y2Kâ€Å" The year 2000 came with a bang moving people towards hi-tech and fast-paced living. The clothes too have become more streamlined and structured. The defined boundaries of eastern and western fashion have collapsed people wear no fuss Chinese trousers, cargo pants, iron easy cloth and manageable preferably short hair. Fusion is the call of this time * Interview with designers Maria B: Fashion is an extension of self ,an ___expression of individuality, of art and modernism- It has no borders or divides- Its passion and It is the constant evolution of society. Fashion is a form of ___expression on an individual as well as a social level—The general shift in Pakistan thank God! is towards intelligent broad-minded ideas and its now starting to reflect in the way that people are dressing up HSY: Fashion for me is your sense of living. It’s not only about dress, but it’s about you and what you live with. It can be your values and ethics, it can be everything around you. Nida ali: I think the average customer is price conscious, style conscious, trend conscious and the element of brand consciousness comes right at the end. Chapter 2 The Consumer Segmentation Targeting In a broader view and unbiased analysis, the Pakistani fashion industry has certainly played a very constructive and optimistic role in building the fashion sense and fashion trends amongst all the age groups The target we have selected to conduct a survey on the changing trends in fashion scenario is a combination of both the genders from the age range of 15 to 35 years of age regardless of any income bracket from the educated community. This range can be justified with the projection of the following statistics. The income ranges depict that our target market is almost equally from all income groups and people do follow fashion regardless of income brackets in one way or the other. Our target market of research comprises of a major chunk from the age range of 21 to 25 years being 76%. While having smaller portions of age 15-20 and 26-30 with sizes of 14% and 10% respectively. The youth mainly the fashion seekers and followers are in the continuation of their education period. As, this is the age when fashion becomes a craze for them. 63% females are fashion conscious willing to participate in a fashion survey while 37% are from the male category of consumers. * Media of Approach The fashion consumer of today is constantly bombarded with different types of stimuli in different forms of advertising. Today’s fashion consumer is more sophisticated and demanding than the consumer of the past. Looking at history, fashion runways and fashion shows have been the biggest inspirations for the fashion industry. We have assessed from these facts that regardless of the rapid growth in new mediums of information search like online sources of 13%, The traditional media is still more trustworthy for the consumer to attain the information they require for their shopping like Fashion shows Exhibitions having 20%, Fashion Magazines 24%, TV Commercials 40% and Billboards 10% chunk respectively. You read "Fashion Trends" in category "Papers" Fashion magazines are an extension of the marketing departments of large fashion companies. For a designer, the fashion show is a way to broadcast ideas. It is a medium. The growing Online trend The growing trend of online queries and locating stores, if not e-purchases, have also seen a tremendous rise which is understandable considering  Ã‚  females make up 31% of Pakistan’s Facebook population of almost 7 Million and the age group from 18-34 years makes 76% of the said population. These stats quite clearly infer that  Digital has most certainly bec ome an effective medium of  transforming  information and communicating with this industry’s target group. In addition to the remarkable customer service most of the fashion brands in Pakistan are providing online, it is worthy to note that digital media has leveled the playing field for all brands, irrespective of their sizes. It has given all sorts of brands the leverage to promote themselves and explore social media marketing for their advantage, especially if traditional mediums like billboards, print ads, TVCs etc are out of budget. This graph represents the presence of facebook fans of various brands locally in Pakistan and worldwide as well. The appreciation of facebook and other social media networks as a tool of marketing is growing very rapidly in a very short time among our young generation. Considering these statistics, we can appraise the standing of these various brand among the consumers and their level of appreciation in the market. Keeping these stats and trends in mind, one can evidently conclude that digital and eventually mobile marketing has an immense potential for the Fashion Industry. If the growth trends continue to move in the same direction and at a similar pace, there should certainly be no stopping social media marketing from making brands re-allocate  their budgets from traditional to online mediums. Chapter 3 Market Research * Problem Statement How does the behavior of a fashion consumer changes with upcoming fashion trends? * Research Methods * Questionnaire We have gathered information from our target market with 30 questionnaires duly filled by the prospects from our target market at various places with different set of ideals for a broader perspective and analyzed the results. The questionnaire is attached. * Focus Group We conducted a focus group of 8 attendees from our target market and concluded healthy discussion on the concerned issue. The moderator guide of the focus group is attached at the end. Online Focus Group on FaceBook We have conducted a focus group online through the platform of facebook as we do realize that the major chunk of our target study is active on social media networks. * Interviews Our search also consists of the interviews from the fashion industry to gather an over view about fashion from the producers of this wave. * Mall Intercepts We have visited quite a few stores, brand outlets and mall s surveying for practical encounters and recorded the views of some consumers in video and others in writing. Our surveys destinations included Suzy, Shirt Tie Shop, Hyperstar at Fortress Stadium while some interviews were conducted on the streets there. * Boutique Survey We also encountered the people running those boutiques and assessed their perceptions briefly. Chapter 4 Consumer Behavior Consumer behavior is deeply influenced by the demographics and household structures, needs, emotions, values and personality, group influences, information processing and decision making along with purchase behavior. Consumers are becoming more demanding, which is forcing fashion retailers to provide the right product at the right time. Information and trends are moving around the globe at high speed, resulting in more options and thus the consumers shop more often. The consumers need for uniqueness forces fashion retailers to constantly renew their styles. * Culture In case of cultural preferences, we often see people with different style statements living in the same area or same people having same appearances living at areas with vast distances. This is a fact which projects the importance of presence of culture in our lives which we tend to follow in almost all walks of our life. The most followed culture is equally distributed among regional and family preferences with the health of 37% each. Most of the population tend to follow what is being pursued in their region for ages, for instance, in Pakistan, with many differences in lifestyle, we all still follow some basic similar values. On the other hand, if we take Family culture into account, it refers to the values we share with our family, the way we present ourselves based on our family background, living standards and lifestyle. 19% incorporate multiple cultures in their attire and appearance while 4% opts for Western style of dressing. Social Class Fashion reflects our society and our culture. likewise it reflects how people define themselves People tend to follow what is in and what is the wave of the present current in fashion. 44% of our participants from consumer market are inclined towards the ongoing trends, while another major chunk is attracted towards the designer cuts or brand for their choice of attire. Former categories comprise of the majority while small parts of the market follow Celebrity with 6%, 6% towards price, 6% of advertisements while 10% people go for friend’s advise and attire. * Consumer Behavior Model Involvement of senses (Touch, sight) When we judge the quality of an apparel, the foremost concern for the consumer is the quality of the product which is preferred by 50% even for the youngsters who do not really care for the long life of the products. Some follow View of the fabric and its name share the same standing of 17% while a greater appreciation of Brand name of 24%. * Perso nal Selection Factors * Hedonic consumption Value of a garment is being defined as an interactive partiality experience, and distinguishes a person’s experience of interacting with an object or event. Enjoyable experiences in a store reflect different types of hedonic values. Values are defined as consumer behavior that regards the emotional and fantasy aspect of consumers’ interactions with products. Comparing to its utilitarian counterpart, the hedonic shopping value is more personal and associated with playfulness and fun. For instance, it is fairly common that people shop for both utilitarian and hedonic grounds, as well as a positive mood can come from consumers following either type of shopping. A reason for consumers to go shopping can also be the possibility to socialize with their friends. An individual’s set of values is very important regarding consumption activities. Many purchases are made because consumers think that purchasing products will result in reaching value-related goals. Shopping for clothes is considered recreational, satisfying and rewarding. Impulse buying is important to fulfill hedonic desires. There is an evident link between impulse buying behavior and hedonic shopping. Clothes purchased to satisfy hedonic needs seem to be chosen without planning and characterize an impulse buying event as can be witnessed like 50% of the buyers. Consumers are driven to hedonic shopping experiences by new fashion styles and brand image salience, which in turn motivates fashion-oriented impulse buying behavior. On the other hand, people who are rational in their decisions and finalize their action after going through all pros and cons. * Consumer Involvement * Motivation Clothing is referred to as specialty good since consumers often make the effort of seeking out the garment that they require. Motivational need can be both utilitarian and hedonic. The end state that the consumer has the intention to reach is the goal. How urgent the consumer wants to reduce the need depends on whether the need is hedonic or utilitarian, this is called the consumer’s drive. One indication of a need is a person’s want, which is created by a combination of cultural and personal factors. These statistics project the motivational elements which encourage a consumer to make a purchase. The most prominent motivator is an occasion or event which motivates 43% of the targeted sample. While, 20% are for Friends and 20% for family suggestions. Celebrity styles and icons attract and motivate 17% of our audience. Fashion-oriented impulse buying happens when consumers find a new fashion product and buy it due to the motivation to buy new products; products they did not plan on buying. Here we can see the level of motivation and the elements which influences a person to make a purchase. 40% are the impulse buyers who immediately opt for purchase with the product and the internal drive. The other major category observed in our survey was that of people who are motivated with advice of friends and family. This 46% require someone to support their choice. Two small classes of 7% being those who spent more tie and opt to search for further alternatives or more information about the item before making a purchase. * Motivational Conflict Approach-Approach According to our survey results, consumers often face Approch-Approch conflict when they have to choose between two dresses appealing them at the same level. Approach-Avoidance Another conflict of Approach-Avoidance also exists when a design attracts to a consumer at a designer shop but meanwhile price element restricts a particular customer. Level of Involvement Inertia: Inertia basically describes the low level of involvement towards the chosen product that either the consumer is willing to pay an effort before purchase or not? In fashion industry, according to our survey some respondent’s level of involvement was low because they just go to any shop; strongly use their heuristics and mental short cuts to buy apparel. Cult: The second concept which also prevails in the fashion industry is that, a part of consumer’s level of involvement is also very high in terms of shopping clothes. Because they put a lot of exertion in choosing and purchasing outfit having a feel of passion and consider their apparel as a symbol of their individual personality. * Need Theory Implementation * Self Concept * Self Concept When clothes leave the fabric they are merely garments. It is not until the marketers get hold of them that they become fashion. Clothing and accessories express how we feel, how we see ourselves and how we wish to be conceived by others. When we buy clothes we buy an identity. Fashion constitutes an important societal part of the individual’s well-being. Through the right choice of clothing it is possible for an individual to improve his or her self-esteem and acceptance by other people. Identities and social roles appear through people’s choice of clothing and accessories. Clothes function as symbols that indicate status, gender, social group allegiance and personality. Fashion is a way of expressing oneself and it says a lot about the person. * Fantasy Clothes shopping is considered to be more attractive. It is a break from the normal routine and it is an opportunity for fantasy and self-expression. What we wear is a complete expression of who we are. The appearance is the first indicator of personality to be judged. We portray ourselves what we fantasize about our own personality following our ideals through our accessories, our choice of movies, the interior of our house and most prominently our attire. We judged from our sample that majority of our sample portrays themselves to be decent yet fashionable being 54% of the whole sample depicting a major part of our culture. Secondly, 30% fashion consumers tend to portray themselves to be lively and energetic. Some 14% try to explicitly present themselves as an open personality and extrovert. A few demonstrate themselves to be shy and submissive. It’s not enough to be fashionable-one wishes to appear intelligent as well. * Gender Orientation â€Å"Modern marketing has relied on gender to help understand and explain consumers and their behavior. † Women see clothes as a mean for self-identity, whereas men focus more on functional benefits. Women see shopping as something recreational, it is important to emphasize the hedonic and experiential attributes of shopping. Women spend twice as long time in a shop as men and the typical window-shopper is a woman. Men and women think differently, and these gender-specific brain differences show a significant effect on how the individual absorb, process and retain information. The following Pivot Table exhibits the relation of gender with the style they follow for their purchase with a graphical representation which is extracted from our Online Facebook survey. | Values| | Row Labels| Sum of Male| Sum of Female| Casual| 4| 8| Celebrity| 0| 1| Formal| 4| 3| Present day| 3| 12| Grand Total| 11| 24| | | Another Pivot Table is extracted from our survey which depicts the relation of gender with the inclination of consumer towards Price or Style conscious personality. | Values| | Row Labels| Sum of Male| Sum of Female| Price Conscious| 7| 9| Style Conscious| 4| 15| Grand Total| 11| 24| Men don’t buy fashion – they buy clothes Men are comparatively less sophisticated consumers of fashion than women . * Extended Self â€Å"Fashion is an extension of self and expression of individuality† All the possessions of a person add an extra glamour to the personality. These can be the clothes, accessories, cell phones or your jewelery which adds an extra charm to what you idealize and portray about your personality. This extract shows the inclination of people towards various categories to embrace an additional appeal to their personality. This is clearly visible that clothes and shoes are the possessions that exhibits glamour and is the centre of attention for most of the youngsters being 37% each. While 14% go for jewelery, 6% for glasses, 6% for wrist watches and 7% opt for mobile phones as their charming accessory. Personality Chosen Product Match Your perception towards fashion is what you personality is regarding this particular field. This graphical representation clearly demonstrates the personality of our target youngsters in terms of fashion trends and their own self. Sober looks and Maturity is the dominant trait occupying 34%. * Product symbolization The Fashion Pyramid * Freudian Theory (diagram interpretation) [Id = Brain attack , Superego = Heart attack, Ego = A balance with heart on one and brain on the other side) (landscape) * Trait theory Various distinct traits are associated with different fields of life projected by the consumer of that particular segment. Likewise many traits are associated with fashion industry and consumers monitoring and following the changing trends. For instance, it is suggested that people who are more communally oriented (a female trait) will enjoy shopping more because of their psychological identification with the communal nature of the task. * Product congruence Consumer Lifestyle Loyal customers spend more each shopping trip, and are more time-conscious. Our clothes are often an expression of our spirit and character, so there is nothing wrong with finding a look that suits you and relying on it. Here the question is do consumers calibrate their wardrobe to better illustrate their present mood personality to therefore show overall congruence and harmony? Well, a direct relation exists between the clothing you choose to wear and your overall personality in terms of congruency. According to our one of the consumers view, â€Å"I have noticed that when I am feeling very energetic, and very outgoing, I will pick out clothing from my closet that resembles my mood: loud, and vibrant. Yellow t-shirts, red watch, etc. Meanwhile, other times, when I’m n a mellower and laid back mood, I will wear more toned down clothing, sometimes just a black tee-shirt and jeans. † Fashion is based on creating a need, where in reality, there is none. Fashion is a factory that manufactures desire. Pre occupation with fashion reveals a level of insecurity. It’s like they are worried about being judged. People obsessed with fashion feel that if they’ve changed their look, th ey’ve also evolved emotionally. They live in a state of being extremely conscious about their appearance. * Decision Making * Heuristics * Shopping Atmosphere * Post Purchase Satisfaction Product Disposal The product disposal is an important issue to be discussed as we keep on adding accessories to our wardrobe and stuff it with articles. It is essential to know what consumers opt for after It is deducted that 75% people give their clothes to others which is a good indication of society. While 19% stuff it forever even if not in use. On the other hand. 6% completely destroy them. * Risks associated with new trends The elements of fashion not liked by the target youngsters can backfire and become a risk for the Fashion Brands. As, â€Å"The fashion industry is the ultimate fashion victim† Other Risks include: Chapter 5 Extract Chapter 6 Attachments Survey Questionnaire Fashion Trends in Pakistan I am a student of MBIT from IBIT, PU and this questionnaire is purely for research purpose and the information you provide help me gain better understanding of Changing Fashion Trends in Pakistan. The success of this research depends on honest answers so I assure that your response will be kept confidential. Tick the answer you prefer. SECTION 1: YOU C. Occupation? a) Student b) Job c) Business d) Other, Please Specify ___________ 1. A. Age? a) 15-20 b) 21-25 c) 26-30 d) 31-35 D. Gender? a) Male b) Female B. Family Monthly Income? e) 15000-25000 f) 26000-35000 g) 36000-50000 h) Above 50000 E. How are you feeling today? c) happy c) excited d) sad d) depressed SECTION 2: YOUR FASHION 1. Fashion to you is: a) Looking cool and hipc) Comfort ability b) Looking sober and matured) A way to express my inner self 2. Which current fashion trend you love the most? _____________________________________________________________________ 3. Which fashion trend you hate the most? ______________________________________________________________________ 4. c) Present day fashion ) Celebrity Which fashion style/trend do you tend to follow when you purchase clothes? a) Formal b) Casual 5. Who is your ideal fashion personality? _____________________________ 6. What does your clothing portray about your personality a) Open Personalityb) Shy person c) Hip Hop d) Decent e) Lively f) Bold 7. Which of your accessories adds glamour to your overall personality? a) Clothingb) Mobile phon e c) Jewelry d) Shoes e) Wrist watches f) Glasses 8. What influences you the most when you buy clothes? a) Ongoing Trendsb) Designer/Brand c)Celebrity d) Pricee) Advertisementsf) Friends 9. How much are you willing to spend on one item of clothing from a new trend of fashion? a)1000-2000 b)2000-5000 c)5000-10000d)10000 above 10. What would encourage you to try out new fashion and style? a) Celebrity’s Styleb) Friend’s Suggestion c) Family’s Suggestiond) An Occasion | 11. What do you mostly dislike about fashion? a) Changes quicklyb) Expensive c) Not suitable d) Turns into a craze 12. What is the most recently added item to your accessories? ____________________________ 13. Does a new trend influence your wardrobe? a) Yes b) Noc)Oftend) Rarely 14. Do you readily adopt new trends? ) Yes b) Noc)Oftend) Rarely 15. How do you judge a fabric? a)Touchb) Viewc) Brand named) Fabric name 16. Are your purchases? c) Plannedb) Immediate | 17. What is your action when a dress or an accessory attracts you? d) Immediately buyc) Consult a friend or family member e) Search for alternativesd) Search for more information 18. Which kinds of shopping destination you buy most of your clothes from? a) Super markets and shopping mallsc) Fashion shows and exhibitions b) Designer boutiques Brandsd) Bazaars 19. What are your cultural preferences in fashion? a) Family culturec)Western culture ) Regional cultured) A combination of trends from multiple cultures 20. What do you do after your purchase? i) When satisfied a) Refer others b) Feel achievement c) Repeat purchases from the same place ii) When dissatisfied a) Feel angry b)Tell others to avoid c) Never visit the same place 21. How do you dispose of your clothes a) Keep the item b) Destroy c) Give it to others to use 22. What would you mostly like to see in an advertisement? a) Pictures of the shop and locationc) Products available b) Information about the designer d) All the above 3. Which medium do you trust for your purchases? a) Magazinesd)Fashion Shows Exhibitions b) Billboardse) TV Commercials c) Online Sources Moderator Guide I Thank you all very much for helping us and participating in our project research. What we are conducting is called a focus group. It is mainly a form of discussion among all of you on our research topic. You can agree, disagree on any point or you can just provide with a comment. You can also propose any new idea regarding the subject and you can freely express your views and opinions. This is just like a routine lounge talk. We request you to convey your point clearly and if possible one at a time to save from any confusion or misunderstanding. If any questions regarding the format of the focus group, you can ask ? Now, I’l explain the topic, we are here to discuss. That is The Changing Fashion Trends in Pakistan. Everybody today, is somehow associated with fashion either in favor or against. . Similarly, you all must be used to of decorating your wardrobe with latest fashion articles. Most of you would be used to of visiting various bazaars and malls for your clothing needs. And must be having your views and suggestions for this very industry. We are going to talk about the same. Before we start, if any one have any queries. Please do ask? Now friends , We’ll continue with our discussion Warm Up Questions:- 1. How much time do you spare for your leisure activities? 2. How much time in a month do you spent on shopping? 3. Do you consider shopping a source of entertainment? Specific Questions:- Current Scenario of Audience 4. Do you visit exhibitions for your purchases? 5. Do you consider fashion shows a source of latest updates for your fashion? 6. May I ask about your favorite places to shop? 7. What is your recently added item in your clothing? 8. Are you price conscious or style conscious? Reason of Failure 9. What do you think is the main content of our Pakistani fashion currently being promoted? 10. What is that one factor that stops you from adopting a fashion trend? 11. In your opinion, what is the one major difference between ordinary and designer brand items? 12. When I speak of Fashion, What picture comes to your mind? 13. Now, what if the same product is being sold in a local and a designer brand, Which one you’ll prefer to buy? Why? I am really thankful to you all for this valuable effort and specially your time. Bibliography Solomon, M. R. Consumer Behavior. How to cite Fashion Trends, Papers Fashion Trends Free Essays string(179) " the information they require for their shopping like Fashion shows Exhibitions having 20%, Fashion Magazines 24%, TV Commercials 40% and Billboards 10% chunk respectively\." Fashion Trends of Youth in Pakistan Consumer Behavior Chapter 1 Introduction * Fashion It’s not just an outfit that is the offer of fashion. Rather it resides in every corner of the present landscape. Our mobile phones, our cars, our kitchens, our We will write a custom essay sample on Fashion Trends or any similar topic only for you Order Now com/todd-gitlin-summary-on-media/"choice of media, the places where meet our friends- all add to the meaning of fashion. Its not enough to wear the clothes, you have to don the lifestyle too. Fashion is a conceptual term though it covers almost all aspects of our daily life. Dress is very important facet of our personality and fashion in our dress and clothes have taken its step towards international market. The retail and wholesale sector in Pakistan was worth about $40 billion in fiscal year 2012, and has been growing at 5. 3% in real (inflation-adjusted) terms for the past five years, much faster than overall economic growth during that period. Parallel to this trend in consumerism,  Digital Marketing in Pakistan has also been on the rise which has resulted in the  Fashion Industry (specifically formal and informal lawn brands), fast accepting this unique phenomenon. Also, with the Ramazan on the go; Eid approaching in the near future and summers near their destined end, many new clothing brands have gone active and are advertising their Eid collection and Summer Sales on Facebook vigorously. So much so, that as per my calculations, one in every ten recommendations/sponsored stories or ads I see, are related to a clothing brand. Whether it be established brands like Kayseria, Khaadi  and Gul Ahmed, or newly launched premium brands like Sana Safinaz or Asim Jofa, or relatively smaller designer names like Rang Ja, The Working Woman, Mariam Aziz and Echo ll can be found actively on Facebook. Fashion industry of Pakistan has made quite a lot of progress in just a few years. Ten to fifteen years from now, this industry was still unknown to actually exist to the masses. Late with the formation of fashion councils and education centers under the enthusiastic few who wanted to make a difference and promulgate this very institution of fashion, * Quick g lance at fashion back in TIME The Swinging 60’s The focus of the time was on fittings. Bell bottoms, hair pieces, narrow fitted shirts, narrow dupattas, heavy eye makeup for girls and side burns for men was order of the time. People in those times took influence from the actors whom they idealized. The Political 70’s In 70’s the political times changed. People turned towards patriotism. Cotton came in vogue and people were seen in loose kurtas called Awami Suits and Saris. The Materialistic 80’s The 80’s emerged from the drabness of the 70’s and ushered in disco, glitz and glamour. People were indulged in their material instincts. In Pakistan, loose was â€Å"in† and tight was â€Å"out†. Glitter and glitz was trendy and simplicity took a back seat. Back To The East With 90’s It was a time for the rival of our culture. Traditional costumes made a comeback. A lot of embroidery, gharara, Sheirwani and Paishwaz were seen. Everyone wanted to look sleek and thin. The New Millennium â€Å"The Y2Kâ€Å" The year 2000 came with a bang moving people towards hi-tech and fast-paced living. The clothes too have become more streamlined and structured. The defined boundaries of eastern and western fashion have collapsed people wear no fuss Chinese trousers, cargo pants, iron easy cloth and manageable preferably short hair. Fusion is the call of this time * Interview with designers Maria B: Fashion is an extension of self ,an ___expression of individuality, of art and modernism- It has no borders or divides- Its passion and It is the constant evolution of society. Fashion is a form of ___expression on an individual as well as a social level—The general shift in Pakistan thank God! is towards intelligent broad-minded ideas and its now starting to reflect in the way that people are dressing up HSY: Fashion for me is your sense of living. It’s not only about dress, but it’s about you and what you live with. It can be your values and ethics, it can be everything around you. Nida ali: I think the average customer is price conscious, style conscious, trend conscious and the element of brand consciousness comes right at the end. Chapter 2 The Consumer Segmentation Targeting In a broader view and unbiased analysis, the Pakistani fashion industry has certainly played a very constructive and optimistic role in building the fashion sense and fashion trends amongst all the age groups The target we have selected to conduct a survey on the changing trends in fashion scenario is a combination of both the genders from the age range of 15 to 35 years of age regardless of any income bracket from the educated community. This range can be justified with the projection of the following statistics. The income ranges depict that our target market is almost equally from all income groups and people do follow fashion regardless of income brackets in one way or the other. Our target market of research comprises of a major chunk from the age range of 21 to 25 years being 76%. While having smaller portions of age 15-20 and 26-30 with sizes of 14% and 10% respectively. The youth mainly the fashion seekers and followers are in the continuation of their education period. As, this is the age when fashion becomes a craze for them. 63% females are fashion conscious willing to participate in a fashion survey while 37% are from the male category of consumers. * Media of Approach The fashion consumer of today is constantly bombarded with different types of stimuli in different forms of advertising. Today’s fashion consumer is more sophisticated and demanding than the consumer of the past. Looking at history, fashion runways and fashion shows have been the biggest inspirations for the fashion industry. We have assessed from these facts that regardless of the rapid growth in new mediums of information search like online sources of 13%, The traditional media is still more trustworthy for the consumer to attain the information they require for their shopping like Fashion shows Exhibitions having 20%, Fashion Magazines 24%, TV Commercials 40% and Billboards 10% chunk respectively. You read "Fashion Trends" in category "Essay examples" Fashion magazines are an extension of the marketing departments of large fashion companies. For a designer, the fashion show is a way to broadcast ideas. It is a medium. The growing Online trend The growing trend of online queries and locating stores, if not e-purchases, have also seen a tremendous rise which is understandable considering  Ã‚  females make up 31% of Pakistan’s Facebook population of almost 7 Million and the age group from 18-34 years makes 76% of the said population. These stats quite clearly infer that  Digital has most certa inly become an effective medium of  transforming  information and communicating with this industry’s target group. In addition to the remarkable customer service most of the fashion brands in Pakistan are providing online, it is worthy to note that digital media has leveled the playing field for all brands, irrespective of their sizes. It has given all sorts of brands the leverage to promote themselves and explore social media marketing for their advantage, especially if traditional mediums like billboards, print ads, TVCs etc are out of budget. This graph represents the presence of facebook fans of various brands locally in Pakistan and worldwide as well. The appreciation of facebook and other social media networks as a tool of marketing is growing very rapidly in a very short time among our young generation. Considering these statistics, we can appraise the standing of these various brand among the consumers and their level of appreciation in the market. Keeping these stats and trends in mind, one can evidently conclude that digital and eventually mobile marketing has an immense potential for the Fashion Industry. If the growth trends continue to move in the same direction and at a similar pace, there should certainly be no stopping social media marketing from making brands re-allocate  their budgets from traditional to online mediums. Chapter 3 Market Research * Problem Statement How does the behavior of a fashion consumer changes with upcoming fashion trends? * Research Methods * Questionnaire We have gathered information from our target market with 30 questionnaires duly filled by the prospects from our target market at various places with different set of ideals for a broader perspective and analyzed the results. The questionnaire is attached. * Focus Group We conducted a focus group of 8 attendees from our target market and concluded healthy discussion on the concerned issue. The moderator guide of the focus group is attached at the end. Online Focus Group on FaceBook We have conducted a focus group online through the platform of facebook as we do realize that the major chunk of our target study is active on social media networks. * Interviews Our search also consists of the interviews from the fashion industry to gather an over view about fashion from the producers of this wave. * Mall Intercepts We have visited quite a few stores, brand outlets and mall s surveying for practical encounters and recorded the views of some consumers in video and others in writing. Our surveys destinations included Suzy, Shirt Tie Shop, Hyperstar at Fortress Stadium while some interviews were conducted on the streets there. * Boutique Survey We also encountered the people running those boutiques and assessed their perceptions briefly. Chapter 4 Consumer Behavior Consumer behavior is deeply influenced by the demographics and household structures, needs, emotions, values and personality, group influences, information processing and decision making along with purchase behavior. Consumers are becoming more demanding, which is forcing fashion retailers to provide the right product at the right time. Information and trends are moving around the globe at high speed, resulting in more options and thus the consumers shop more often. The consumers need for uniqueness forces fashion retailers to constantly renew their styles. * Culture In case of cultural preferences, we often see people with different style statements living in the same area or same people having same appearances living at areas with vast distances. This is a fact which projects the importance of presence of culture in our lives which we tend to follow in almost all walks of our life. The most followed culture is equally distributed among regional and family preferences with the health of 37% each. Most of the population tend to follow what is being pursued in their region for ages, for instance, in Pakistan, with many differences in lifestyle, we all still follow some basic similar values. On the other hand, if we take Family culture into account, it refers to the values we share with our family, the way we present ourselves based on our family background, living standards and lifestyle. 19% incorporate multiple cultures in their attire and appearance while 4% opts for Western style of dressing. Social Class Fashion reflects our society and our culture. likewise it reflects how people define themselves People tend to follow what is in and what is the wave of the present current in fashion. 44% of our participants from consumer market are inclined towards the ongoing trends, while another major chunk is attracted towards the designer cuts or brand for their choice of attire. Former categories comprise of the majority while small parts of the market follow Celebrity with 6%, 6% towards price, 6% of advertisements while 10% people go for friend’s advise and attire. * Consumer Behavior Model Involvement of senses (Touch, sight) When we judge the quality of an apparel, the foremost concern for the consumer is the quality of the product which is preferred by 50% even for the youngsters who do not really care for the long life of the products. Some follow View of the fabric and its name share the same standing of 17% while a greater appreciation of Brand name of 24%. * Perso nal Selection Factors * Hedonic consumption Value of a garment is being defined as an interactive partiality experience, and distinguishes a person’s experience of interacting with an object or event. Enjoyable experiences in a store reflect different types of hedonic values. Values are defined as consumer behavior that regards the emotional and fantasy aspect of consumers’ interactions with products. Comparing to its utilitarian counterpart, the hedonic shopping value is more personal and associated with playfulness and fun. For instance, it is fairly common that people shop for both utilitarian and hedonic grounds, as well as a positive mood can come from consumers following either type of shopping. A reason for consumers to go shopping can also be the possibility to socialize with their friends. An individual’s set of values is very important regarding consumption activities. Many purchases are made because consumers think that purchasing products will result in reaching value-related goals. Shopping for clothes is considered recreational, satisfying and rewarding. Impulse buying is important to fulfill hedonic desires. There is an evident link between impulse buying behavior and hedonic shopping. Clothes purchased to satisfy hedonic needs seem to be chosen without planning and characterize an impulse buying event as can be witnessed like 50% of the buyers. Consumers are driven to hedonic shopping experiences by new fashion styles and brand image salience, which in turn motivates fashion-oriented impulse buying behavior. On the other hand, people who are rational in their decisions and finalize their action after going through all pros and cons. * Consumer Involvement * Motivation Clothing is referred to as specialty good since consumers often make the effort of seeking out the garment that they require. Motivational need can be both utilitarian and hedonic. The end state that the consumer has the intention to reach is the goal. How urgent the consumer wants to reduce the need depends on whether the need is hedonic or utilitarian, this is called the consumer’s drive. One indication of a need is a person’s want, which is created by a combination of cultural and personal factors. These statistics project the motivational elements which encourage a consumer to make a purchase. The most prominent motivator is an occasion or event which motivates 43% of the targeted sample. While, 20% are for Friends and 20% for family suggestions. Celebrity styles and icons attract and motivate 17% of our audience. Fashion-oriented impulse buying happens when consumers find a new fashion product and buy it due to the motivation to buy new products; products they did not plan on buying. Here we can see the level of motivation and the elements which influences a person to make a purchase. 40% are the impulse buyers who immediately opt for purchase with the product and the internal drive. The other major category observed in our survey was that of people who are motivated with advice of friends and family. This 46% require someone to support their choice. Two small classes of 7% being those who spent more tie and opt to search for further alternatives or more information about the item before making a purchase. * Motivational Conflict Approach-Approach According to our survey results, consumers often face Approch-Approch conflict when they have to choose between two dresses appealing them at the same level. Approach-Avoidance Another conflict of Approach-Avoidance also exists when a design attracts to a consumer at a designer shop but meanwhile price element restricts a particular customer. Level of Involvement Inertia: Inertia basically describes the low level of involvement towards the chosen product that either the consumer is willing to pay an effort before purchase or not? In fashion industry, according to our survey some respondent’s level of involvement was low because they just go to any shop; strongly use their heuristics and mental short cuts to buy apparel. Cult: The second concept which also prevails in the fashion industry is that, a part of consumer’s level of involvement is also very high in terms of shopping clothes. Because they put a lot of exertion in choosing and purchasing outfit having a feel of passion and consider their apparel as a symbol of their individual personality. * Need Theory Implementation * Self Concept * Self Concept When clothes leave the fabric they are merely garments. It is not until the marketers get hold of them that they become fashion. Clothing and accessories express how we feel, how we see ourselves and how we wish to be conceived by others. When we buy clothes we buy an identity. Fashion constitutes an important societal part of the individual’s well-being. Through the right choice of clothing it is possible for an individual to improve his or her self-esteem and acceptance by other people. Identities and social roles appear through people’s choice of clothing and accessories. Clothes function as symbols that indicate status, gender, social group allegiance and personality. Fashion is a way of expressing oneself and it says a lot about the person. * Fantasy Clothes shopping is considered to be more attractive. It is a break from the normal routine and it is an opportunity for fantasy and self-expression. What we wear is a complete expression of who we are. The appearance is the first indicator of personality to be judged. We portray ourselves what we fantasize about our own personality following our ideals through our accessories, our choice of movies, the interior of our house and most prominently our attire. We judged from our sample that majority of our sample portrays themselves to be decent yet fashionable being 54% of the whole sample depicting a major part of our culture. Secondly, 30% fashion consumers tend to portray themselves to be lively and energetic. Some 14% try to explicitly present themselves as an open personality and extrovert. A few demonstrate themselves to be shy and submissive. It’s not enough to be fashionable-one wishes to appear intelligent as well. * Gender Orientation â€Å"Modern marketing has relied on gender to help understand and explain consumers and their behavior. † Women see clothes as a mean for self-identity, whereas men focus more on functional benefits. Women see shopping as something recreational, it is important to emphasize the hedonic and experiential attributes of shopping. Women spend twice as long time in a shop as men and the typical window-shopper is a woman. Men and women think differently, and these gender-specific brain differences show a significant effect on how the individual absorb, process and retain information. The following Pivot Table exhibits the relation of gender with the style they follow for their purchase with a graphical representation which is extracted from our Online Facebook survey. | Values| | Row Labels| Sum of Male| Sum of Female| Casual| 4| 8| Celebrity| 0| 1| Formal| 4| 3| Present day| 3| 12| Grand Total| 11| 24| | | Another Pivot Table is extracted from our survey which depicts the relation of gender with the inclination of consumer towards Price or Style conscious personality. | Values| | Row Labels| Sum of Male| Sum of Female| Price Conscious| 7| 9| Style Conscious| 4| 15| Grand Total| 11| 24| Men don’t buy fashion – they buy clothes Men are comparatively less sophisticated consumers of fashion than women . * Extended Self â€Å"Fashion is an extension of self and expression of individuality† All the possessions of a person add an extra glamour to the personality. These can be the clothes, accessories, cell phones or your jewelery which adds an extra charm to what you idealize and portray about your personality. This extract shows the inclination of people towards various categories to embrace an additional appeal to their personality. This is clearly visible that clothes and shoes are the possessions that exhibits glamour and is the centre of attention for most of the youngsters being 37% each. While 14% go for jewelery, 6% for glasses, 6% for wrist watches and 7% opt for mobile phones as their charming accessory. Personality Chosen Product Match Your perception towards fashion is what you personality is regarding this particular field. This graphical representation clearly demonstrates the personality of our target youngsters in terms of fashion trends and their own self. Sober looks and Maturity is the dominant trait occupying 34%. * Product symbolization The Fashion Pyramid * Freudian Theory (diagram interpretation) [Id = Brain attack , Superego = Heart attack, Ego = A balance with heart on one and brain on the other side) (landscape) * Trait theory Various distinct traits are associated with different fields of life projected by the consumer of that particular segment. Likewise many traits are associated with fashion industry and consumers monitoring and following the changing trends. For instance, it is suggested that people who are more communally oriented (a female trait) will enjoy shopping more because of their psychological identification with the communal nature of the task. * Product congruence Consumer Lifestyle Loyal customers spend more each shopping trip, and are more time-conscious. Our clothes are often an expression of our spirit and character, so there is nothing wrong with finding a look that suits you and relying on it. Here the question is do consumers calibrate their wardrobe to better illustrate their present mood personality to therefore show overall congruence and harmony? Well, a direct relation exists between the clothing you choose to wear and your overall personality in terms of congruency. According to our one of the consumers view, â€Å"I have noticed that when I am feeling very energetic, and very outgoing, I will pick out clothing from my closet that resembles my mood: loud, and vibrant. Yellow t-shirts, red watch, etc. Meanwhile, other times, when I’m n a mellower and laid back mood, I will wear more toned down clothing, sometimes just a black tee-shirt and jeans. † Fashion is based on creating a need, where in reality, there is none. Fashion is a factory that manufactures desire. Pre occupation with fashion reveals a level of insecurity. It’s like they are worried about being judged. People obsessed with fashion feel that if they’ve changed their look, th ey’ve also evolved emotionally. They live in a state of being extremely conscious about their appearance. * Decision Making * Heuristics * Shopping Atmosphere * Post Purchase Satisfaction Product Disposal The product disposal is an important issue to be discussed as we keep on adding accessories to our wardrobe and stuff it with articles. It is essential to know what consumers opt for after It is deducted that 75% people give their clothes to others which is a good indication of society. While 19% stuff it forever even if not in use. On the other hand. 6% completely destroy them. * Risks associated with new trends The elements of fashion not liked by the target youngsters can backfire and become a risk for the Fashion Brands. As, â€Å"The fashion industry is the ultimate fashion victim† Other Risks include: Chapter 5 Extract Chapter 6 Attachments Survey Questionnaire Fashion Trends in Pakistan I am a student of MBIT from IBIT, PU and this questionnaire is purely for research purpose and the information you provide help me gain better understanding of Changing Fashion Trends in Pakistan. The success of this research depends on honest answers so I assure that your response will be kept confidential. Tick the answer you prefer. SECTION 1: YOU C. Occupation? a) Student b) Job c) Business d) Other, Please Specify ___________ 1. A. Age? a) 15-20 b) 21-25 c) 26-30 d) 31-35 D. Gender? a) Male b) Female B. Family Monthly Income? e) 15000-25000 f) 26000-35000 g) 36000-50000 h) Above 50000 E. How are you feeling today? c) happy c) excited d) sad d) depressed SECTION 2: YOUR FASHION 1. Fashion to you is: a) Looking cool and hipc) Comfort ability b) Looking sober and matured) A way to express my inner self 2. Which current fashion trend you love the most? _____________________________________________________________________ 3. Which fashion trend you hate the most? ______________________________________________________________________ 4. c) Present day fashion ) Celebrity Which fashion style/trend do you tend to follow when you purchase clothes? a) Formal b) Casual 5. Who is your ideal fashion personality? _____________________________ 6. What does your clothing portray about your personality a) Open Personalityb) Shy person c) Hip Hop d) Decent e) Lively f) Bold 7. Which of your accessories adds glamour to your overall personality? a) Clothingb) Mobile phon e c) Jewelry d) Shoes e) Wrist watches f) Glasses 8. What influences you the most when you buy clothes? a) Ongoing Trendsb) Designer/Brand c)Celebrity d) Pricee) Advertisementsf) Friends 9. How much are you willing to spend on one item of clothing from a new trend of fashion? a)1000-2000 b)2000-5000 c)5000-10000d)10000 above 10. What would encourage you to try out new fashion and style? a) Celebrity’s Styleb) Friend’s Suggestion c) Family’s Suggestiond) An Occasion | 11. What do you mostly dislike about fashion? a) Changes quicklyb) Expensive c) Not suitable d) Turns into a craze 12. What is the most recently added item to your accessories? ____________________________ 13. Does a new trend influence your wardrobe? a) Yes b) Noc)Oftend) Rarely 14. Do you readily adopt new trends? ) Yes b) Noc)Oftend) Rarely 15. How do you judge a fabric? a)Touchb) Viewc) Brand named) Fabric name 16. Are your purchases? c) Plannedb) Immediate | 17. What is your action when a dress or an accessory attracts you? d) Immediately buyc) Consult a friend or family member e) Search for alternativesd) Search for more information 18. Which kinds of shopping destination you buy most of your clothes from? a) Super markets and shopping mallsc) Fashion shows and exhibitions b) Designer boutiques Brandsd) Bazaars 19. What are your cultural preferences in fashion? a) Family culturec)Western culture ) Regional cultured) A combination of trends from multiple cultures 20. What do you do after your purchase? i) When satisfied a) Refer others b) Feel achievement c) Repeat purchases from the same place ii) When dissatisfied a) Feel angry b)Tell others to avoid c) Never visit the same place 21. How do you dispose of your clothes a) Keep the item b) Destroy c) Give it to others to use 22. What would you mostly like to see in an advertisement? a) Pictures of the shop and locationc) Products available b) Information about the designer d) All the above 3. Which medium do you trust for your purchases? a) Magazinesd)Fashion Shows Exhibitions b) Billboardse) TV Commercials c) Online Sources Moderator Guide I Thank you all very much for helping us and participating in our project research. What we are conducting is called a focus group. It is mainly a form of discussion among all of you on our research topic. You can agree, disagree on any point or you can just provide with a comment. You can also propose any new idea regarding the subject and you can freely express your views and opinions. This is just like a routine lounge talk. We request you to convey your point clearly and if possible one at a time to save from any confusion or misunderstanding. If any questions regarding the format of the focus group, you can ask ? Now, I’l explain the topic, we are here to discuss. That is The Changing Fashion Trends in Pakistan. Everybody today, is somehow associated with fashion either in favor or against. . Similarly, you all must be used to of decorating your wardrobe with latest fashion articles. Most of you would be used to of visiting various bazaars and malls for your clothing needs. And must be having your views and suggestions for this very industry. We are going to talk about the same. Before we start, if any one have any queries. Please do ask? Now friends , We’ll continue with our discussion Warm Up Questions:- 1. How much time do you spare for your leisure activities? 2. How much time in a month do you spent on shopping? 3. Do you consider shopping a source of entertainment? Specific Questions:- Current Scenario of Audience 4. Do you visit exhibitions for your purchases? 5. Do you consider fashion shows a source of latest updates for your fashion? 6. May I ask about your favorite places to shop? 7. What is your recently added item in your clothing? 8. Are you price conscious or style conscious? Reason of Failure 9. What do you think is the main content of our Pakistani fashion currently being promoted? 10. What is that one factor that stops you from adopting a fashion trend? 11. In your opinion, what is the one major difference between ordinary and designer brand items? 12. When I speak of Fashion, What picture comes to your mind? 13. Now, what if the same product is being sold in a local and a designer brand, Which one you’ll prefer to buy? Why? I am really thankful to you all for this valuable effort and specially your time. Bibliography Solomon, M. R. Consumer Behavior. How to cite Fashion Trends, Essay examples

Strategic Analysis of Agency Model †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Analysis of Agency Model. Answer: Introduction The assignment deals with understanding the role of a business analyst. The role of a business analyst is to analyse the domain and the organisation in which work takes place. It documents the business and relates it to technology. The following assignment analyses the role of an analyst in core knowledge areas. The areas of focus include analysis planning, collaboration expectancy life cycle, strategic analysis and evaluation of solution. These areas develop the essentials of a business and allow it to maintain its competitiveness in the market. For the purpose of the assignment, a case study on Integrated Library System (ILS) is considered. It is equivalent to an enterprise resource planning system. The case study focuses on the migration of one library system to a new domain. The combination of a vendor-supported and customised system was done along with the original system of the library. Certain discrepancies were seen in the new system that led to the customization of the syste m. Every business needs to be analyzed based on certain factors that contribute to the success or failure of the business. These factors can be both external as well internal. These factors are important as based on it managers can formulate strategies that can help in the growth of business (Eva et al. 2014). The essential knowledge area for the business analysis is laying the foundations for proper planning, defining and completion of business analysis. Such an action is the responsibility of a project manager. This also includes the monitoring of the activities to ensure that every threat is taken care with the utmost significance. According to Fleisher and Bensoussan (2015), the monitoring of the analysis is done in order to understand the ways by which the work is being conducted. The monitoring is done after the planning and implementation of the strategies. The strategic approach helps in the proper analysis of the strategies and identifies any changes that are needed for the business. The monitoring of activities ensures that the plans are properly executed and the outcomes of these plans provide the desired results for the people. Hence, it can be said that in the case of ILS, the business analysis that is required is the proper identification and evaluation of the new model (Zott and Amit 2013). The acquisition module of the new ILS model needs to be either modified or replaced depending upon the ways it is adopted by the company. In order to do so, it is required that the managers monitor the technique carefully. However, replacing the acquisition module also needs proper analysis and monitoring so that a similar mistake is not repeated. Elicitation and Collaboration According to Bargiela-Chiappini and Nickerson (2014), business elicitation is the process by which managers gather requirements for the success of an organisation. The requirements can be collected from the customers, employees as well as the stakeholders. These requirements are essential in order to understand the ways by which business can be conducted by implementing required changes in the organisation. The requirements under the elicitation technique include analysing documents, conducting interviews, observation, process modelling as well as workshops. The feedback of the customers is collected via survey method in the form of a questionnaire that helps an organisation to understand the viewpoints of the target markets. In this regard, it can be said that collaboration is an important factor for any business (Gmelin and Seuring 2014). This is mainly because of the fact that the collaboration with the stakeholders helps in maintaining the strategies of the business. The ideas of the stakeholders prove effective in the success of a business. In the case of ILS, the libraries need to gather requirements to maintain the process of providing books to the customers. However, the main problem lies in the bar coding of the books. These bar coding can be done by process modelling in order to maintain stability in the identification of the number of books. The gathering of requirements needs to be done in such a way that there remains less pressure on the employees in terms of maintaining records. In this regard, the collaboration is also required in order to maintain the requirements of the stakeholders (Konat, Sahraoui and Kolfschoten 2014). This can be done by engaging stakeholders in the decision-making process that can help in the smooth functioning of the bar coding system. Requirements Life Cycle Management Holzbaur, Ross and Rothrock (2016) stated that analysing the life cycle of a product is important for success. This is done in order to predict the possible success rate of a product. A product goes through four stages that determine its level of longevity in the market. Similarly, in the case of requirements of a business organisation, the four stages exist that determine the longevity of a particular strategy. At the initial stage when the requirement is introduced in the business, employees begin to doubt its validity. However, with time the requirement reaches a growth stage that sets about in the implication of the tactics for the organisational benefit. During the maturity stage, the requirements reach its full potential and ensure that organisational success is attained every time with the application of the requirement. However, with time the requirement declines and new requirements are introduced. This is done in order to change the ways by which an organisation functions. The requirements life cycle needs to be managed to keep in mind the excessive use of a similar technique (Wolf et al. 2013). This is because rival companies can understand the techniques and formulate counter measures to gain an advantage. In the case of ILS, the requirements life cycle needs to be formulated in terms of books. Customers change the tastes of preferences depending upon the best sellers that are brought in the market. Hence, the requirement life cycle of one particular book can have a limited longevity. Due to this, the library needs to change its requirements every time keeping in mind the requirements of the customers. Hence, the life cycle can be managed effectively for the formulation of new strategies. Strategy Analysis In order to succeed in a business, every manager needs to ensure that proper strategy is maintained. The strategies depend upon certain factors that help in the development of a business. Resources are required in order to formulate a strong strategy that helps in the success of the business in a long run. Jenkins and Williamson (2015) stated that strategic analysis is referred to as the SWOT analysis. SWOT analysis is done in order to understand the internal factors that affect an organisation. With the help of SWOT analysis, an organisation can formulate relevant strategies that can define the competition it faces and focus on the environments in which the operations take place. In this regard, the strengths of an organisation can be used to formulate strategies that can convert the threats and weaknesses to opportunities. The SWOT analysis is an important and effective tool for gaining a competitive advantage over the rivals (Tan and Carrillo 2017). In the light of this statement, it can be said that ILS also need to conduct a SWOT analysis that can help it to formulate strategies based on the factors. These factors are essential in order to understand the essential factors that help in the analysis of the organisation. It can be seen that the strength of the library is the fact that it uses a vendor-supported and customised system. This is essential in order to formulate a strategy that can help in the success of the library. However, the weakness can be considered as the use of the new acquisition model. This is because time is required in order to bar code the number of books in an efficient manner (Rieu, Santorum and Movahedian 2017). Hence, strategies need to be formulated to convert this weakness into strength and create opportunities for improvement. Requirements Analysis and Design Definition The requirements analysis portrays the task that a business formulates in order to define the role of a business analyst. According to Hill Jones and Schilling (2014), the role of a business analyst is to structure and organise the requirements that are needed in order to form a competitive advantage. These requirements are identified during the elicitation process that formulates in the controlling of activities within an organisation. In the case of the use of any specific types of equipment or models, the requirements determine the design that is required for the proper usage of the equipment. Tao et al. (2016) stated that the verification is done based on the validity of information and the identification of proper solutions required for the development of an organisation. This helps in maintaining the goals of an organisation and likewise develops ways to improve the current position. As stated by Sharda, Delen and Turban (2013) the features of the requirements need to be releva nt and detailed so that problems are not faced in the future. In the case of ILS, the organisation needs to keep in mind the ineffective and the stressful nature of the acquisition model. It has already been evidenced that the new model is time-consuming and is not possible for one particular person to keep individual records of the books. Hence, it is essential for the managers to find out an easier method for the success of the business. The biggest flaw conducted by the manager is the fact that the equipment was not tested by the organisation. Hence, this led to the failure of the model and the proper application of the technology in the workplace. Solution Evaluation According to Krolzig (2013), in order to manage the operations of a business, the evaluation of solutions is an important factor. Solution evolution is considered as the assessment of existing and possible results that can be derived before a business is taken into operation. Internal, as well as external perspectives, are involved in order to understand the possibility of success of a business. In this context, it can be said that the perception varies depending upon the type of business that is being considered. Solutions of both these perspectives are referred to as business requirements. These solutions are generally derived from the feedback form of the customers as well as the employees working within an organisation. In this regard, the documentation of business requirements is needed in order to come up with a proper solution. Hence, according to Kim, Kara and Kayis (2014), it can be said that the evaluation of solutions can be faced with challenges that may hamper the growth of an organisation. A similar context can be established in the case of ILS. The organisation needs to maintain effective solution evaluation techniques in order to establish an easy business model. It is essential that the library facilities develop plans for the bar coding of books before implementing it in the organisation. This can help in gaining the required success for the formulation of strategies. Hence, in order to implement the acquisition model successfully, it is essential for ILS to make constant progress in the requirements of the organisation. Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded that in order to maintain a proper business, the role of a business analyst is important. An analyst needs to procure methods by which a business can be made successful. This can help in the proper formulation of strategies and help in the identification of opportunities for the business. The use of strategic analysis is an essential element for the identification of internal strengths and weaknesses. These strengths and weaknesses can be used to create opportunities for the business. In the case of ILS, the library facility needs to analyse the acquisition model thoroughly in order to develop a comprehensive use of the modern technology. For this, the need of resources and requirements are essential in order to meet the specific demands of the bar code. Thus, an analyst plays an important part in the management of a business and its success in the international market. Reference Bargiela-Chiappini, F. and Nickerson, C.R., 2014.Writing business: Genres, media and discourses. Routledge. Eva, M., Hindle, K., Paul, D., Rollaston, C. and Tudor, D., 2014. Business analysis. BCS. Fleisher, C.S. and Bensoussan, B.E., 2015.Business and competitive analysis: effective application of new and classic methods. FT Press. Gmelin, H. and Seuring, S., 2014. Achieving sustainable new product development by integrating product life-cycle management capabilities.International Journal of Production Economics,154, pp.166-177. Hill, C.W., Jones, G.R. and Schilling, M.A., 2014.Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Holzbaur, E., Ross, J. and Rothrock, T., 2016. Epro Product Life Cycle: Guidance For A Successful Management Phase.Value in Health,19(3), p.A109. Jenkins, W. and Williamson, D., 2015.Strategic management and business analysis. Routledge. Kim, S.J., Kara, S. and Kayis, B., 2014. Economic and environmental assessment of product life cycle design: volume and technology perspective.Journal of cleaner production,75, pp.75-85. Konat, J., Sahraoui, A.E.K. and Kolfschoten, G.L., 2014. Collaborative requirements elicitation: A process-centred approach.Group Decision and Negotiation,23(4), pp.847-877. Krolzig, H.M., 2013.Markov-switching vector autoregressions: Modelling, statistical inference, and application to business cycle analysis(Vol. 454). Springer Science Business Media. Rieu, D., Santorum, M. and Movahedian, F., 2017. A participative end-user method for multi-perspective business process elicitation and improvement.Software Systems Modeling,16(3), pp.691-714. Sharda, R., Delen, D. and Turban, E., 2013.Business Intelligence: A Managerial Perspective on Analytics. Prentice Hall Press. Tan, Y.R. and Carrillo, J.E., 2017. Strategic analysis of the agency model for digital goods.Production and Operations Management,26(4), pp.724-741. Tao, F., Wang, Y., Zuo, Y., Yang, H. and Zhang, M., 2016. Internet of Things in product life-cycle energy management.Journal of Industrial Information Integration,1, pp.26-39. Wolf, E.J., Harrington, K.M., Clark, S.L. and Miller, M.W., 2013. Sample size requirements for structural equation models: An evaluation of power, bias, and solution propriety.Educational and psychological measurement,73(6), pp.913-934. Zott, C. and Amit, R., 2013. The business model: A theoretically anchored robust construct for strategic analysis.Strategic Organization,11(4), pp.403-411.

Hegel And The National Heritage Essay Research free essay sample

Hegel And The National Heritage Essay, Research Paper In Hegel # 8217 ; s political theory the province is seen non merely as an instrument of legal power, but besides as the incarnation of a national heritage. Interestingly, theoreticians like Hobbes, Locke, and Bentham were able to speak of provinces and authorities as if they bore no relation to peculiar states. A citizen # 8217 ; s trueness is, in fact, rarely to the province as an establishment. Most people pledge and give their commitment to the state of their birth or acceptance regardless of the political system that state might hold. It is merely the exceeding individual who will discontinue his native land because he finds its exercising of political power intolerable: the huge bulk would happen the severance of national roots even more intolerable. A theory of political relations, hence, must admit that in most instances province and state are conjoined. It is the province which finally acts in the state # 8217 ; s name, and it draws on national sentiment as its primary be ginning of power. We will write a custom essay sample on Hegel And The National Heritage Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page All provinces, no affair what institutional or ideological colourss they may have on, are obliged to pay respect to national traditions and national aspirations. Even supposedly cosmopolitan political orientations like fascism and communism must do grants to the curious national sentiments they encounter throughout the universe. On the other side of the coin, if a political motion makes a point of showing its loyal motivations, it may derive freedom of action to convey about of import institutional alterations under the pretense of heightening the national involvement. Hegel emphasizes the power of national trueness by speaking of the state as if it were an person. It is, he suggests, an being with an expressed life of its ain: Each peculiar National mastermind is to be treated as merely one person in the procedure of Universal History. For that history is the exhibition of the Godhead, absolute development of spirit in its highest signifiers # 8211 ; that step by which it attains its truth and consciousness of itself. The signifiers which these classs of advancement assume are the characteristic # 8220 ; National Spirits # 8221 ; of History ; the curious tenor of their moral life of their Government, their Art, Religion, and Sciences. The thought of a # 8220 ; national spirit # 8221 ; is a controversial 1. As a figure of address, one can state that America is generous, Germany is hardworking, and France is amative. But Hegel means a great trade more than this. First of wholly, he intends to state that # 8220 ; national spirit, # 8221 ; as it is found in each state, is existent. It is non a metaphor, nor is it merely a stenography device for doing a complicated point in a simple manner. The spirit or mastermind of a state is no less existent than the Idea of which it is an look. Furthermore, the national spirit is the best topographic point to detect the flowering of the Idea in the existent universe: the phases of development attained by a state # 8217 ; s art, faith, and scientific discipline are the clearest manifestation of its advancement through history. To talk of a state as if it were a individual is to demo that it has a capacity for uneasiness and growing: work forces and states both stand in built-i n relation to the Idea, and they participate in its workings through the dialectic. In the Doctrine of Right, and in far greater item in the Introduction to the Lectures on the Philosophy of World History, Hegel argues that the web of governmental establishments of the province # 8211 ; its fundamental law # 8211 ; is typically a merchandise of history and expresses the civilization of a peculiar state # 8211 ; its values, spiritual beliefs, positions about the universe, traditions and imposts. That civilization, or # 8220 ; spirit # 8221 ; , of the state permeates besides the human dealingss and gives the whole integrity and coherence. The values of the national community and the operation of its cardinal authorities are linked together through mediating establishments, such as corporations, estates and the representative system, which guarantee that the activities of the authorities loosely express the basic ideals and involvements of groups within the community or its single members. If such interceding links do non be or discontinue to execute their proper map the state or its of import subdivisions become alienated from the authorities and the unity or independency of the political community is jeopardized. The fundamental law is therefore the mechanism which in pattern ensures the individuality of the national spirit with the attitudes and actions of the battalion of groups and persons consisting a state. In this regard Hegel believed that the modern monarchial province of his clip had an advantage over earlier political communities because it linked the person to the community in an organized institutionalised manner while, for illustration, the ancient democracies relied chiefly on non-institutional factors ( i.e. , sentiment, character and instruction ) . Hegel # 8217 ; s construct of nationhood, unlike that of the modern-day German Romantics, is therefore to a great extent political in nature. Pure civilization or common cultural and lingual features are non, in his position, sufficient by themselves to weld a big human group into a state and to supply a steadfast focal point of trueness ; merely the ownership of a common authorities and the tradition of political integrity can ma ke so. This subject is peculiarly strongly stressed in the first of Hegel # 8217 ; s political Hagiographas, on the fundamental law of the German Empire. A state, so, is an institutional composite and it is besides an thought. # 8220 ; It is a Spirit holding purely defined features, which erects itself into an nonsubjective universe, that exists and persists in a peculiar spiritual signifier of worship, imposts, fundamental law, and political Torahs # 8211 ; in the whole composite of its establishments # 8211 ; in the events and minutess that make up its history, # 8221 ; Hegel says. # 8220 ; That is its work # 8211 ; that is what this peculiar State is. States are what their workss are. # 8221 ; Nations and national sentiment are existent. At the current phase of historical development the nation-state is the political look of the Idea. Some may reason that patriotism is outmoded: that it may one time hold served its intent, but that an international spirit is now needed if the universe is to last in peace. We see this in the addresss of President Clinton, and from many foreign leaders the universe over. Hegel does non expect such an statement, nor does he -offer a direct answer to it. What he does seek to make is to demo how a sense of nationhood has a rational footing in the political life. Work forces are everlastingly in hunt of individuality. The job concerned both Rousseau and Burke: one offered for an reply the democratic community ; the other # 8217 ; s solution was a graded society. In each of these every citizen would hold an acknowledged topographic point, and all could experience themselves to be built-in parts of an organic whole. Rousseau called for active engagement in a little and homogeneous community puting. Burke asked that the categories and order of society be fixed by tradition and preserved by usage. Both of these prescriptions, nevertheless, are badly suited to the existent universe that Hegel sees. Work force can non keep the blue societal form in the face of historical advancement. The tendency, on the contrary, is for greater societal mobility and a dislocation of the ancient establishments on which Burke relied. Identity can no longer be found in the traditional category ranks of an earlier age: work forces move excessively quickly and develop aspirations which transcend the Stationss they one time accepted without inquiry. Nor is Rousseau # 8217 ; s image of hardy provincials under an oak a feasible solution in an age when great nation-states are the chief political units. There is no returning to authorities by town meeting and direct democracy. While Hegel is prepared to utilize, in the Idea, a construct similar to the General Will, he finds Rousseau # 8217 ; s institutional agreement inadequate. Our epoch is the epoch of the big nation-state, and it is best to do the most of this state of affairs. Personal individuality, Hegel says, can be found by accepting the state as a fact. Once this is done, so national citizenship can leave to work forces the feeling of designation they continually seek: The State, its Torahs, its agreement, constitute the rights of its members ; its natural characteristics, its mountains, air, and H2O, are their state, their homeland, their outward stuff belongings ; the history of this province, their workss ; what their ascendants have produced, belongs to them and lives in their memory. All is their ownership, merely as they are possessed by it ; for it constitutes their being, their being # 8230 ; . It is this full-blown entirety which constitutes One Being, the spirit of One People. To it the single members belong ; each unit is the Son of his Nation # 8230 ; .The relation of the person to that spirit is that he appropriates to himself this significant being ; that it becomes his character and capableness, enabling him to hold a definite topographic point in the universe # 8211 ; to be something. For he finds the being of the people to which he belongs an already established, house universe # 8211 ; objectively present to him # 8211 ; with which he has to integrate himself. the designation of a citizen with his state takes assorted signifiers. If the German wears his love of Fatherland on his arm, the Dane or the Norse tends to expose his fondness in a mode which is more hushed. But all work forces need such a feeling of individuality. And because other truenesss are unequal to this undertaking, engagement in the national spirit comes to play an indispensable function in work forces # 8217 ; s lives. The desire to be something can be filled if a adult male can state, # 8220 ; I am an American, # 8221 ; or # 8220 ; I am a Canadian. # 8221 ; to be certain, work forces have other commitments: spiritual, regional, economic, and so forth. But these are once more and once more seen to be low-level in character. Work force are born into a state: # 8220 ; an already established, house world. # 8221 ; That so many work forces will contend and decease for it, their state right or incorrect, is overmastering grounds that this is their ultimate trueness. Ple as that international fond regards # 8211 ; to religious or political motions # 8211 ; be given higher precedence in the concluding analysis autumn on deaf ears. Work force may be Roman Catholic or Socialists, but they are besides Frenchmen or Chinese. They will subordinate and transform their faith and political relations so as to be harmonic with their national sentiments. International motions which are successful understand these jussive moods, and they allow such accommodations to be made. There are ever exceeding persons who can populate as work forces without a states. But for all who claim such independency, when a echt trial of trueness comes, merely a few are willing to move on it. Hegel # 8217 ; s theory applies to the huge bulk: the ordinary citizens who derive a sense of affinity, self-esteem, and belonging from their national citizenship. The political relations of patriotism, Hegel would hold, are irrational. But history has placed us in the age of patriotism, and the craft of ground bends national sentiment in progressive waies. It may even force war and devastation, and so convey in a new epoch of international peace and planetary trueness ; but Hegel does non venture such guess, and he contends himself with analysing what he sees. However, the really thought of patriotism is a funny one even on Hegel # 8217 ; s ain footings. Loyalty to a little and homogeneous community, as expressed by Plato and Rousseau is apprehensible and plausible. Each member knows his fellow citizens, and each can understand the workings of the political proce US Secret Service at first manus. And if Buke’s society is larger, each single nevertheless lives in a fixed category or order where he excessively understands his function in the political life. The modern nation-state is non merely big, but the experience of its growing weakens the truenesss to lesser associations. A society which was one time comprised of a plurality of traditional groups is bit by bit transformed into a mass of persons. This was Burke’s great fright, and it underlays his review of liberalism. Hegel seeks to avoid the harm which a mass society inflicts on the single personality by promoting a sense of national trueness in all who reside inside the territorial boundaries. This will give the feeling of individuality and belonging which the nation-state itself was so instrumental in interrupting down. Loyalty is non to a category or a vicinity, because these ties are no longer meaningful, but is now to the state as a whole. The job is that many 1000000s of work forces do non represent a community in the traditional sense: Plato and Rousseau knew this and they intentionally imposed conditions holding to make with size. A modern nation-state is merely excessively big for its members to cognize one another on a personal footing. And, what is more of import, it is impossible for citizens to take part in # 8211 ; or even understand # 8211 ; the devising of Torahs and the disposal of justness. The larger a society is, the more persons must derive their image of political world at 2nd or 3rd manus: leaders must originate to inform them about the demands of the state and to teach the ordinary citizens on their functions in procuring national ends. The spirit of patriotism can ensue in strong truenesss to the province, but these truenesss are rendered to an establishment which the citizen sees at a distance and which he knows merely through the studies of others. For this ground the perceptual experience of po litical world can be a deformed 1: the mean adult male must trust on the information which is given to him, and these communications may be manipulated in order that peculiar terminals will be achieved. And if each citizen # 8217 ; s trueness is chiefly to the state or province, instead than to lesser associations in society, so the population becomes all the more dependent on strong and centralised leading. In short, the national tie is the lone which remains: if it is non exploited, so the organic structure of citizens will organize a disconnected and adrift mass. Yet if the spirit of patriotism is invoked and used as a solidifying instrument there is the possibility that an easy led population will be mobilized for intents of war and aggression. Most political theoreticians have no little frights of a mass society and leading which plays on irrational sentiments. Yet the solutions offered are infeasible: Rousseau # 8217 ; s little community of hardy provincials and Burke # 8217 ; s stratified society of orders and categories both lie in the yesteryear instead than the hereafter. The big nation-state to which other societal establishments are subordinated is the form at present. Hegel realizes that the development of nationalist sentiment carries hazards: he is non incognizant of the fact that patriotism can be a destructive every bit good as a constructive force in work forces # 8217 ; s lives. In his treatment of political establishments he searches for ways and agencies of controling the surpluss of political unreason. The job is to acce pt the being of the national spirit, to impart it, and to tackle its energy. Whether this enormous agitation, one time unleashed, can be kept under control is one of the great political challenges of our times. Modern adult male must possess a sense of national individuality if he is to hold that minimal security which makes life endurable. Yet to trust on the spirit of patriotism is to play with fire: at one minute it gives a comfy heat ; and at another it destroys all it touches. The rise and autumn of states is the form of political history. A province is carry throughing its appointed function when it displays a sense of way and mission. All states are born in war or revolution: they all emerge from the battle between thesis and antithesis. As the convulsion and shouting dies, as the exigency synthesis consolidate its additions into a new thesis, the province may get down to rest on its awards. The contradictions between its possible, subjective being # 8211 ; its inner purpose and life # 8211 ; and its existent being is removed ; it has attained full world, has itself objectively present to it. But this holding been attained, the activity displayed by the spirit of the people in inquiry is no longer needed ; it has its desire. The State can still carry through much in war and peace at place and abroad ; but the life significant psyche itself may be said to hold ceased its activity. The indispensable, supreme involvement has accordingly vanished from its life, for involvement is present merely where there is resistance. Merely as Hegel showed a penchant for the stormy Hero, so he shows a fondness for the disruptive state. The radical era, when the national potency flowers into actuality, is when the spirit of the people is at its finest hr. At that minute citizens are infused with their national character and they are at one with the spirit which embraces themselves and their fellow countrymen. Once the revolution has been consolidated, nevertheless, decay begins about unnoticeably to put in. New wonts and imposts mingle those which survived the battle, and a tranquillity settles over the land. Men go content with what they have, and they begin to take their national individuality for granted. They may still be militarily strong and materially comfortable, but they look rearward to their heritage instead than foreword to their fate. Coevalss may travel by without challenge to the predominating order: if an antithesis is turning, which it has to be, it is developing easy and unnoticed by a slumberous population. The great enemy of national advancement, Hegel says, is custom. While St. Thomas and Burke welcomed settled forms of societal intercourse, Hegel sees them as marks that a society is played out. Work force and states who live by usage are, although they do non recognize it, already relics of the yesteryear. Custom is activity without resistance, for which there remains merely a formal continuance ; in which the fulness ( sic ) and zest which originally characterized the purpose of life are out of the inquiry # 8211 ; a simply external sensuous being which has ceased to throw itself enthusiastically into its object. Therefore perish persons, therefore perish peoples by a natural decease ; and though the latter may go on in being, it is an being without mind or verve ; holding no demand of its establishments, because the demand for them is satisfied # 8211 ; a political nothingness and boredom. Boredom and decease are the eventual destiny of all states. Some, by their energy and good luck, will hold a longer life than others, but all are capable to the Torahs of the dialectic. Custom does non dispute itself: it is opposed by forces outside the consensus. Internal radical motions or external attackers will convey down a province which no longer has the will to last. The people and the district are consumed in the dialectical attack of a new political force. There may be decease, but at that place will neer be entire devastation. The vanquished will convey a part of their civilisation and imposts to the masters and in so making works the seeds of a new decay. Ideas and establishments carry on from era to epoch: states live and die, but the dialectic counts its losingss and moves on. The decease of states can be a mortal blow to the citizens who depend on the verve of the national spirit. If a state ceases to move with passion and energy, if its enthusiasm for a national mission ebbs over clip, so it is robbing its countrymen of the will to be which they so stand in demand of. If a state is dispirited, so the work forces will neglect to lift to the common defence ; or they may even emigrate to another dirt. In either instance, the toll will be a heavy 1 for the dejected and uprooted. The lone solution, Hegel says, is that a new national spirit must lift from the rotten ruins of the old. In order that a genuinely cosmopolitan involvement may originate, the spirit of a People must progress to the acceptance of some new intent ; but whence can this new intent originate? It would be a higher, more comprehensive construct of itself # 8211 ; a transcending of its rule # 8211 ; but this really act would affect a rule of a new order, a new National Spirit. This, of class, is easier said than done. It is clear that states such as Sweden and Spain will neer once more rise to the highs of national magnificence they one time knew. Yet a state like Germany, after black licking in 1918 and disking rising prices in the 1920 # 8217 ; s, was able to follow a new sense of intent and a new construct of order under a new government in the 1930 # 8217 ; s, and they managed to carry through it once more following their licking in the 1940 # 8217 ; s. The metempsychosis of national spirit may take non a decennary but many centuries. Both Egypt and China, after more than a thousand old ages on the out of boundss of history, have become national forces to be reckoned with. In the instance of China a new mission # 8211 ; # 8220 ; Marxism # 8221 ; has conjoined with emerging national power. Hegel, who opens his Doctrine of History with a description of the past glorifications of the Oriental universe, would likely clap the new spirit of the Chinese people as their state progresss to the acceptance of a new sense of intent. Hegel # 8217 ; s theory is a extremist one: it welcomes alteration and it sees struggle as the necessary status of advancement. The Hero and the nation-state, both instruments of energy and activity, are the cardinal histrions on his phase. So long as they are in gesture and non at rest, they are conveying to human political relations the rules inherent in the Idea. At the same clip, the theory has the visual aspect of a conservative statement: it endows with moral authorization the political conditions which exist at any given point and clip. Work force and states are non called upon to take between two alternate waies of action, because it is assumed that they will prosecute their irrational and self-interested ways despite the exhortations addressed to them. Yet if Hegel is a conservative, he is a conservative with a difference. While he applauds power and authorization, they may inhere in a radical motion no less than in an established province. There is no jubilation of usage and wont, and the Heroes who are extolled are non noted for their wisdom or virtuousness. Furthermore, the dialectic itself defies the premiss that there can be such a thing as a position quo: there is merely constant alteration, although it may be at work deep beneath the surface. In the concluding analysis, Hegel # 8217 ; s theory is extremist or conservative depending the utilizations to which it is put: on the clip and topographic point at which it is applied, and on the state of affairs of the work forces who are wont to raise it. In this instance, nevertheless, it is ideology instead than political theory: a rationalisation for national power which seeks to turn more powerful or for inchoate power which claims to stand for a new political order. G.W.F. Hegel, Philosophy of History ( Buffalo: Prometheus Books, 1991 ) , translated by J. Sibree, p.53. Ibid. , p.74 Ibid. , pp. 52, 74. Ibid. , p.74. Ibid. , pp.74-75. Ibid. , p.75. 346

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